RefiningProcessesHandbookByHydrocarbonProcessingMagazinePdfOil shale Wikipedia. Oil shale is an organic rich fine grainedsedimentary rock containing kerogen a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil not to be confused with tight oilcrude oil occurring naturally in shales, can be produced. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact. Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States. A 2. 01. 6 estimate of global deposits set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of 6. Heating oil shale to a sufficiently high temperature causes the chemical process of pyrolysis to yield a vapor. Type or paste a DOI name into the text box. Click Go. Your browser will take you to a Web page URL associated with that DOI name. Send questions or comments to doi. Lithium from Greek lithos, stone is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silverywhite alkali metal. Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, since it generally burns without any processing. Britons of the Iron Age also used to polish it and form. Upon cooling the vapor, the liquid shale oilan unconventional oilis separated from combustibleoil shale gas the term shale gas can also refer to gas occurring naturally in shales. Oil shale can also be burned directly in furnaces as a low grade fuel for power generation and district heating or used as a raw material in chemical and construction materials processing. Oil shale gains attention as a potential abundant source of oil whenever the price of crude oil rises. Bulk Insert Multiple Csv Files on this page. Download Third Person Game Maker there. At the same time, oil shale mining and processing raise a number of environmental concerns, such as land use, waste disposal, water use, waste water management, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Estonia and China have well established oil shale industries, and Brazil, Germany, and Russia also utilize oil shale. General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and kerogen. Oil shales differ from oil bearing shales, shale deposits that contain petroleum tight oil that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil bearing shales are the Bakken Formation, Pierre Shale, Niobrara Formation, and Eagle Ford Formation. GeologyeditOil shale, an organic rich sedimentary rock, belongs to the group of sapropelfuels. It does not have a definite geological definition nor a specific chemical formula, and its seams do not always have discrete boundaries. Oil shales vary considerably in their mineral content, chemical composition, age, type of kerogen, and depositional history and not all oil shales would necessarily be classified as shales in the strict sense. According to the petrologist Adrian C. Hutton of the University of Wollongong, oil shales are not geological nor geochemically distinctive rock but rather economic term. Their common defining feature is low solubility in low boiling organic solvents and generation of liquid organic products on thermal decomposition. Oil shale differs from bitumen impregnated rocks oil sands and petroleum reservoir rocks, humic coals and carbonaceousshale. While oil sands do originate from the biodegradation of oil, heat and pressure have not yet transformed the kerogen in oil shale into petroleum, that means that its maturation does not exceed early mesocatagenetic. Refining Processes Handbook By Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine Pdf' title='2011 Refining Processes Handbook By Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine Pdf' />General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and kerogen. While the bitumen portion of oil shales is soluble in carbon disulfide, kerogen portion is insoluble in carbon disulfide and can contain iron, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, and uranium. Oil shale contains a lower percentage of organic matter than coal. Refining Processes Handbook By Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine Pdf' title='2011 Refining Processes Handbook By Hydrocarbon Processing Magazine Pdf' />In commercial grades of oil shale the ratio of organic matter to mineral matter lies approximately between 0. At the same time, the organic matter in oil shale has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon HC approximately 1. The organic components of oil shale derive from a variety of organisms, such as the remains of algae, spores, pollen, plant cuticles and corky fragments of herbaceous and woody plants, and cellular debris from other aquatic and land plants. Some deposits contain significant fossils Germanys Messel Pit has the status of a Unesco World Heritage Site. The mineral matter in oil shale includes various fine grained silicates and carbonates. Inorganic matrix can contain quartz, feldspars, clays mainly illite and chlorite, carbonates calcite and dolomites, pyrite and some other minerals. Geologists can classify oil shales on the basis of their composition as carbonate rich shales, siliceous shales, or cannel shales. Another classification, known as the van Krevelen diagram, assigns kerogen types, depending on the hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen content of oil shales original organic matter. The most commonly used classification of oil shales, developed between 1. Adrian C. Hutton, adapts petrographic terms from coal terminology. This classification designates oil shales as terrestrial, lacustrine lake bottom deposited, or marine ocean bottom deposited, based on the environment of the initial biomass deposit. Known oil shales are predominantly aquatic marine, lacustrine origin. Huttons classification scheme has proven useful in estimating the yield and composition of the extracted oil. Resourceedit. Fossils in Ordovician oil shale kukersite, northern Estonia. As source rocks for most conventional oil reservoirs, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. As with all oil and gas resources, analysts distinguish between oil shale resources and oil shale reserves. Resources refers to all oil shale deposits, while reserves, represents those deposits from which producers can extract oil shale economically using existing technology. Since extraction technologies develop continuously, planners can only estimate the amount of recoverable kerogen. Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 3. Well explored deposits, potentially classifiable as reserves, include the Green River deposits in the western United States, the Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia, deposits in Sweden and Estonia, the El Lajjun deposit in Jordan, and deposits in France, Germany, Brazil, China, southern Mongolia and Russia. These deposits have given rise to expectations of yielding at least 4. Fischer Assay. 31. A 2. 01. 6 estimate set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6. United States accounting more than 8. For comparison, at the same time the worlds proven oil reserves are estimated to be 1. The largest deposits in the world occur in the United States in the Green River Formation, which covers portions of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming about 7. United States federal government. Deposits in the United States constitute more than 8. China, Russia, and Brazil. Historyedit. Production of oil shale in millions of metric tons, from 1. Source Pierre Allix, Alan K. Burnham. 2. 8Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, since it generally burns without any processing. Britons of the Iron Age also used to polish it and form it into ornaments. The first patent for extracting oil from oil shale was British Crown Patent 3. Martin Eele, Thomas Hancock and William Portlock who had found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone. Modern industrial mining of oil shale began in 1. Autun, France, followed by exploitation in Scotland, Germany, and several other countries. Operations during the 1. Industrial Revolution. Topic 9 Safety and risk management in oil and gas industry. Very interesting article can be found here http www. The Risk and Regulation of Deepwater. It touches upon risks and regulations in deepwater drilling. Two authors from United States and two from Canada review current legislation in US and Canada and have a debate in the end of the paper. Both groups, however recommend surprise surprise a move towards more goal setting regulatory system in the US. Particularly, they emphasize significant differences between these two countries in national versus regional control, in prescriptive versus goal based regulation, in penalties imposed on companies for infractions, and in the degree of independence granted to the safety regulator. So first off US regulatory system. US Significant changes were introduced into the regulatory framework post Macondo. The late Mineral Management Service MMS, which was understaffed, having only one inspector for every 5. Gulf of Mexico Region and didnt even have a comprehensive handbook addressing inspector roles and responsibilities, was replaced by three separate federal bodies, each with clearly defined responsibilities to collect revenues the Office of Natural Resources Revenue ONRR, to manage development Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BOEM, and to enforce safety precautions Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement BSEE. Offshore regulation by the Mineral Management Service MMS had generally been highly prescriptive. There were hundreds of pages of technical requirements that offshore operators were supposed to follow on specific issues, yet with advance of drilling technologies these specific prescriptive regulations became increasingly outdated. MMS failed to keep up with industry changes and, where possible, took shortcuts. There was also a historical weakness as part of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1. Gulf from the development and production plan requirement and, therefore, the environmental review. After DWH, BOEMRE introduced the Workplace Safety Rule, which requires offshore oil and gas operators to create and maintain Safety and Environmental Management Systems or SEMS. This rule introduces performance based standards which move away from emphasizing prescriptive regulations and toward a regulatory environment more similar to the safety case requirement in the United Kingdom. BOEMRE also has instituted a Drilling Safety Rule and the Ocean Energy Safety Advisory Committee was created as a permanent body of experts to provide guidance on offshore safety, well containment, and spill response. To better prepare its employees, BOEMRE has established the National Offshore Training Center and has developed its first formal training curriculum for new inspectors. However, authors emphasize that unlike in other major developed nations such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and Norway, the U. S. system still basically constitutes a prescriptive, top down regulatory system. While this prescriptive system has some benefits, particularly as it gives the federal government the authority to specify exact requirements, it has trouble staying current in light of the rapidly changing nature of the offshore industry. Also, a strictly prescriptive approach discourages any innovation. Puffy Fever Fever Rar on this page. By contrast, a goal based system encourages operators to find better, more innovative ways to achieve safety standards. Another issue is the liability cap for the United States which remains at 7. By contrast, in the United Kingdom, for example, where average penalties are also relatively low, the potential penalty for a breach is unlimited. In addition, in both Norway and the United Kingdom, serious non fatal safety breaches can be criminal charges punishable through imprisonment of key executives. Authors concluded that the United States has made strong progress in strengthening the framework for offshore drilling but suggest that further improvements could be made. Canadian system, which allows the provinces and territories to collect royalties gives developmental, regulatory, and safety responsibilities to joint federal provincial boards and allots major decision making power to local populations. The boards generate guidelines, while the provincial and federal governments work together to draft amendments to legislation and regulations. Each of the National Energy Boards is tasked with the regulatory responsibility to ensure safety, protection of the environment, and proper exploitation of the resources. The Board has no part in the establishment or administration of royalties or taxes for any offshore activity and therefore does not promote the Industry. After the Deepwater Horizon incident in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2. Senate of Canada concluded that the regulation of the industry is more than adequate. It specified three Canadian advantages in particular Effective January 1, 2. Canada moved from prescriptive to goal oriented regulation, which involves the regulator setting goals and specifying outcomes, but not the means of achieving compliance. The shared federal and provincial jurisdiction over the boards means that the persons most affected by drilling the residents of the adjacent provinces have a significant voice in decisions The boards have no role in the collection of royalties. Also, a Certificate of Fitness issued by a third party certifying authority is to operate all the equipment on a drilling installation. If a single underlying certificate or permit cannot be obtained, the Certificate of Fitness is canceled. In final argument authors point out how difficult it will be for the US to roll out goal setting approach. They mention that any rapid increase in the size of a regulatory bureaucracy presents a number of risks. More staff and the fundamental restructuring of multiple departments can easily lead to organizational chaos. Important questions are How difficult will it be to staff and train three bureaus rather than one How will these regulators establish boundaries among their separate authorities How to balance potential conflict of interests with multiplicity of regulators Authors cast doubt on the idea of creating more regulators and emphasize, that without a structured process, there is a considerable risk that the objectives in the new goal oriented regulation will follow the old prescribed regulations, or even change for the sake of change.